ABSTRACT
Introducción: La tormenta tirotóxica se produce por la liberación repentina y rápida de hormonas tiroideas al torrente sanguíneo. Constituye la complicación más peligrosa de la tirotoxicosis. Objetivo: Describir los principales elementos de interés acerca del diagnóstico y del tratamiento de la tormenta tirotóxica. Métodos: Se utilizaron como motores de búsqueda los correspondientes a las bases de datos Google Académico, Pubmed y SciELO. Las palabras clave utilizadas fueron: tormenta tirotóxica, tormenta tiroidea, tirotoxicosis, hipertiroidismo, diagnóstico y tratamiento. Se evaluaron y se incluyeron los trabajos de revisión, de investigación y las páginas web que tuvieran menos de 10 años de publicados y que por el título trataban el tema de estudio. Fueron excluidos los artículos que no estuvieran en idioma español, portugués o inglés. En total 34 artículos fueran referenciados. Conclusiones: El diagnóstico es eminentemente clínico y se realiza por la detección de factores desencadenantes. Se suma la exacerbación del cuadro clínico de tirotoxicosis previamente existente, el cual afecta a varios sistemas del organismo como consecuencia del aumento de las hormonas tiroideas circulantes. Lo ideal es prevenir la tormenta tirotóxica, aunque ya establecido el tratamiento no se debe retrasar la terapia de la causa desencadenante y de la causa específica. Deberá estar encaminada a reducir la síntesis y la secreción de las hormonas tiroideas y a minimizar las acciones periféricas de estas. Deberán emplearse diferentes fármacos y otras medidas terapéuticas para tratar las complicaciones sistémicas para complementar el tratamiento(AU)
Introduction: Thyrotoxic storm is caused by the sudden and rapid release of thyroid hormones into the bloodstream. It is the most dangerous complication of thyrotoxicosis. Objective: Describe some elements of interest about the diagnosis and treatment of thyrotoxic storm. Methods: Search engines corresponding to Google Scholar, Pubmed and SciELO databases were used. The keywords used were: thyrotoxic storm; thyroid storm; thyrotoxicosis; hyperthyroidism; diagnosis and treatment. The review papers, research papers and web pages, which in general, had less than 10 years of publication and that by the title dealt with the subject of study were evaluated and included. Articles that were not in Spanish, Portuguese or English were excluded. A total of 34 articles were referenced. Conclusions: The diagnosis is eminently clinical and is made by the detection of triggers, to which is added the exacerbation of the clinical picture of thyrotoxicosis previously existing, which affects several systems of the body as a result of the circulating thyroid hormones increase. The ideal is to prevent the thyrotoxic storm; although if the treatment is already established, the therapy of the triggering cause and the specific cause should not be delayed. It should be aimed at reducing the synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones and minimizing their peripheral actions. Different drugs and other therapeutic measures should be used to treat systemic complications to complement treatment(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Middle Aged , Aged , Thyrotoxicosis/complications , Thyroid Crisis/diagnosis , Thyroid Crisis/therapy , Precipitating Factors , Databases, Bibliographic , Search EngineABSTRACT
RESUMEN La crisis tirotóxica es una complicación de la tirotoxicosis mal tratada y se asocia con una elevada mortalidad. Requiere tratamiento médico urgente en unidades de cuidados intensivos. Mujer de 42 años, con antecedentes personales de hipertensión arterial y nódulo tiroideo hiperfuncionante desde hace 18 años, con abandono del tratamiento médico hace dos años, que acude a urgencias con disnea paroxística nocturna, taquicardia, hipertensión arterial, gran bocio y anasarca. Ingresa en la unidad de cuidados intensivos con diagnóstico de crisis tirotóxica e inicia el tratamiento médico con medidas de soporte precisas, la que incluye intubación orotraqueal. Debido a la dificultad de manejo clínico y respiratorio de la paciente, se decide realizar tratamiento quirúrgico urgente. Se practica una tiroidectomía total de bocio multinodular parcialmente intratorácico y una traqueostomía preventiva. El resultado de anatomía patológica fue: bocio multinodular tóxico. La paciente fue dada de alta con función tiroidea normal, cierre de traqueostomía y buena fonación, tras mes y medio de hospitalización. A pesar de que un tratamiento médico conservador es el adecuado de la tirotoxicosis, los síntomas y signos sistémicos de la crisis tirotóxica y sus manifestaciones órgano-específicas, asociados a una persistente dificultad respiratoria por síntomas compresivos derivados del gran bocio, se consideró que la tiroidectomía urgente en este caso estaba indicada, dato que se corroboró ante la buena evolución posoperatoria. El tratamiento de la tirotoxicosis es fundamentalmente clínico, sin embargo, la cirugía puede ser útil ante la dificultad en el manejo clínico(AU)
Abstract The thyrotoxic crisis is a complication of poorly treated thyrotoxicosis and is associated with high mortality. This condition requires urgent medical treatment in intensive care units. A 42-year-old woman, with a personal history of high blood pressure, hyperfunctioning thyroid nodule for 18 years, and abandonment of medical treatment since two years ago, presented to the emergency department with paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, tachycardia, high blood pressure, large goiter, and anasarca. She was admitted into the intensive care unit with a diagnosis of thyrotoxic crisis and started to receive medical treatment under precise support measures, including orotracheal intubation. Due to the patient's difficult clinical and respiratory management, it was decided to perform urgent surgical treatment. She was performed a total thyroidectomy of partial intrathoracic multinodular goiter and a preventive tracheostomy. The result of pathological anatomy was toxic multinodular goiter. The patient was discharged with normal thyroid function, tracheostomy closure, and good phonation, after a month and a half of hospitalization. Despite the fact that conservative medical treatment is the adequate one for thyrotoxicosis, the systemic symptoms and signs of the thyrotoxic crisis, and its organ-specific manifestations, associated with persistent respiratory distress due to compression symptoms derived from large goiter, urgent thyroidectomy needed to be indicated in this case, a fact corroborated after good postoperative evolution. The treatment of thyrotoxicosis is fundamentally clinical; however, surgery can be useful given the difficulty in clinical management(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Adult , Thyroidectomy/methods , Thyrotoxicosis/complications , Thyroid Crisis/diagnosis , Intensive Care Units , Tracheostomy/methodsABSTRACT
La tormenta tiroidea es una condición infrecuente y potencialmente fatal. En la literatura han sido descritas varias presentaciones inusuales de la misma; sin embargo, la disfunción multiorgánica es rara vez vista. Aquí describimos un caso en una mujer de 36 años de edad con enfermedad de Graves subyacente no diagnosticada hasta entonces, quien inició su sintomatología con una tormenta tiroidea. Su score de Burch y Wartofsky fue de 50/140. Desarrolló falla hepática aguda, falla renal aguda, acidosis láctica, falla cardíaca, bicitopenia, coagulopatía y rabdomiolisis. La disfunción multiorgánica se revirtió gracias a la pronta instauración de los esteroides, ciclofosfamida, plasmaféresis y posterior tiroidectomía. La dificultad reside en reconocer las variadas presentaciones de la enfermedad y ofrecer un tratamiento apropiado cuando se enfrenta a las contraindicaciones o las fallas terapéuticas del tratamiento convencional.
Thyroid storm is a rare and potentially fatal condition. Unusual presentations in patients with thyroid storm have been described but multiorganic dysfunction is uncommonly seen. We describe the case of a 36-year-old woman with unknown underlying Graves´s disease who developed thyroid storm. The thyroid storm score of Burch and Wartofsky was 50/140. This was complicated by acute liver failure, acute kidney injury, lactic acidosis, heart failure, bi-cytopenia, coagulopathy and rhabdomyolysis. The severe multiorgan dysfunction was reversed by prompt institution of steroids, cyclophosphamide and plasma exchange before thyroidectomy. Main difficulty lies in recognizing its varied presentations and offering appropriate treatment when physician faces either failure or contraindications of conventional therapy.
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Adult , Thyroid Crisis/complications , Multiple Organ Failure/etiology , Thyroidectomy , Thyroid Crisis/diagnosis , Thyroid Crisis/therapy , Graves Disease/complications , Plasmapheresis , Combined Modality Therapy , Immunosuppressive Agents/therapeutic use , Multiple Organ Failure/diagnosisABSTRACT
Thyroid storm is a rare and potentially fatal disease characterized by severe clinical manifestations of thyrotoxicosis. The most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves's disease (GD) and infections are the most important precipitating factor. A woman of 33 years with history of hyperthyroidism, hypertension and morbid obesity. She was treated with propylthiouracil for one year, and then suspended controls and treatment 2 years ago. Consult for 2 weeks characterized by dyspnea, cough and expectoration, plus an episode of generalized tonic-clonic seizure. In postictal state, persists with dyspnea and chest pain, which is brought to the emergency room. It is hypotensive, with fever and tachycardia, SatO2 60% on room air. It is intubated and connected to invasive mechanical ventilation. It evolves with monomorphic ventricular tachycardia, requiring cardioversion twice, recovering sinus rhythm. Imaging studies reported bilateral lung disease. CT scan brain and lumbar punture are normal. As is treated as septic shock lung focus. Among its tests: TSH 0.01 mIU/L, T4 T 23.9 ug/dL, T4L 4.77 ng/dL, T3 5.38 ng/ml, with Wartofsky Score: 90. It is managed as TS, treatment is initiated with methimazole, Propranolol, Hydrocortisone. Thyroid ultrasound shows: Goiter with cold nodules. In addition has positive TRAb. She recovers both of system cardiovascular and their respiratory infection. The patient is prepared with amiodarone and lugol for total thyroidectomy. Concordant biopsy with GD.
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Adult , Thyroid Crisis/diagnosis , Thyroid Crisis/etiology , Thyroid Crisis/therapy , Graves Disease/complications , ThyrotoxicosisABSTRACT
A Crise Tireotóxica (CT) é uma emergência endocrinológica que permanece um desafio tanto diagnóstico quanto terapêutico. A CT não apresenta alterações laboratoriais específicas, sendo clínicos os critérios diagnósticos. Seus sintomas correspondem a de um hipertireoidismo exacerbado e o tratamento baseia-se em medidas que bloqueiem a secreção e os efeitos dos hormônios tireoidianos.
Thyroid Storm (TS) is an endocrine emergency that remains a challenge for both diagnostics and therapeutics. The TS features no specific laboratory abnormalities, being the diagnosis made on clinical basis. The symptoms are those of an exaggerated hyperthyroidism and its treatment is based on measures that block the secretion and the effects of thyroid hormones.
Subject(s)
Endocrinology , Thyroid Crisis/diagnosis , EmergenciesABSTRACT
The study of endocrine emergencies in childhood is important due to their high mortality and residual morbidity, that can be reduced with an adequate diagnosis and/or therapy. In this article, we review hypoglycemia, adrenal crisis, hypocalcemia, hypercalcemia and thyroid storm in children, with focus on initial diagnostic approach and management.
Subject(s)
Child , Child, Preschool , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Adrenal Insufficiency/diagnosis , Hypercalcemia/diagnosis , Hypocalcemia/diagnosis , Hypoglycemia/diagnosis , Thyroid Crisis/diagnosis , Acute Disease , Adrenal Insufficiency/etiology , Adrenal Insufficiency/therapy , Age Factors , Calcium/blood , Emergencies , Hypercalcemia/etiology , Hypercalcemia/therapy , Hypocalcemia/etiology , Hypocalcemia/therapy , Hypoglycemia/classification , Hypoglycemia/therapy , Severity of Illness Index , Thyroid Crisis/physiopathology , Thyroid Crisis/therapyABSTRACT
A tempestade tireoidiana ou crise tireotóxica é uma emergência endocrinológica que ameaça a vida. Caracteriza-se por taquicardia, febre e disfunções cardiovascular, gastrointestinal e neurológica. A patogenia dessa complicação não está bem estabelecida, mas provavelmente é multifatorial. O diagnóstico é clínico, pois não ocorre diferença, comparada aos níveis hormonais do hipertireoidismo não-complicado. Além de medidas gerais, o tratamento envolve o bloqueio da produção da secreção e dos efeitos periféricos do hormônio tireoidiano
Subject(s)
Humans , Thyroid Crisis/diagnosis , Thyroid Crisis/physiopathology , Thyroid Crisis/therapy , Antithyroid Agents , HyperthyroidismABSTRACT
A crise tireotóxica é um quadro raro, que acomete cerca de 1% dos casos de tireotoxicose, apresentando altas taxas de morbi-mortalidade, ainda nos dias de hoje. Apresentamos o caso de paciente de 38 anos que apresentava doença de Graves sem tratamento clínico e que evoluiu com insuficiência cardíaca descompensada, culminando com sinais e sintomas compatíveis com crise tireotóxica. Os autores discutem as condutas diagnósticas e terapêuticas na "tempestade tireoidiana".
The thyrotoxic crisis is a rare disease, occurring in less than 1% of all thyrotoxicoses, with high morbimortality. A case is described of a 38 years old male patient with Grave's disease without treatment and congestive heart failure who showed signs and symptoms suggesting thyrotoxic crisis. The diagnostic and therapeutic managment of thyroid storm are discussed.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adult , Thyroid Crisis/diagnosis , Graves Disease/complicationsSubject(s)
Humans , Endocrine Gland Neoplasms , Thyroid Crisis/diagnosis , Thyroid Crisis/drug therapy , Pheochromocytoma/surgery , Pheochromocytoma/diagnosis , Pheochromocytoma/etiology , Pheochromocytoma/therapy , Malignant Carcinoid Syndrome/surgery , Malignant Carcinoid Syndrome/diagnosis , Malignant Carcinoid Syndrome/therapyABSTRACT
A crise tireotóxica é uma condição clínica, grave, resultante da exacerbação abrupta do estado hipertireóideo, na qual ocorre descompensação de um ou mais órgãos. Incide com maior freqüência em pacientes com doença de Graves, apesar de poder ocorrer em pacientes , com adenoma tóxico ou bócio multinodular tóxico. A apresentação clínica mais comum inclui febre (geralmente >38,5 GRAUSC), taquicardia (desproporcional à febre), disfunções gastrointestinais (náuseas, vômitos, diarréia e em casos graves, icterícia), anormalidades neurológicas (variando de confusão a apatia e coma) e hipertensão, seguida de hipotensão e choque. Apesar de ser rara, o diagnóstico precoce e o tratamento agressivo são necessários para evitar o desfecho fatal, que ocorre em 10 por cento a 75 por cento dos pacientes hospitalizados
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Thyroid Crisis/diagnosis , Thyroid Crisis/therapy , Thyroid Hormones/deficiencySubject(s)
Humans , Adrenergic Antagonists/adverse effects , Adrenergic Antagonists/pharmacology , Coma , Thyroid Crisis/diagnosis , Thyroid Crisis/etiology , Thyroid Crisis/physiopathology , Thyroid Crisis/therapy , Glucocorticoids , Thyroid Hormones/deficiency , Myxedema , Respiratory InsufficiencyABSTRACT
No ano de 1996, foram diagnosticados três casos de crise tireotóxica (CT), no Serviço de Endocrinologia do Hospital de Clínicas da Universidade Federal do Paraná. Os três pacientes eram jovens (idades entre 21 e 28 anos) e apresentaram uma evoluçao desfavorável, apesar das medidas terapêuticas adotadas. Tiveram também em comum o mesmo fator precipitante que foi infecçao pulmonar. Como a CT é uma emergência relativamente rara, estes três casos clínicos motivaram uma revisao dos aspectos fisiopatológicos, critérios diagnósticos, quadro clínico e tratamento desta condiçao.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Thyroid Crisis/diagnosis , Thyroid Crisis/drug therapy , Thyroid Crisis/physiopathologyABSTRACT
Doenças tireoidianas autoimunes (DTA) tem sido associadas esporadicamente à acidose tubular renal tipo 1 (ART-1). Apresentamos o segundo caso descrito na literatura, de nosso conhecimento, de doenças de Basedow-Graves associada à ATR e à paralisia periódica tiretóxica (PPT). Os níveis de pH sanguíneo e de eletrólitos nao se normalizaram com a correçao da disfunçao tireodiana. A paralisia revertou com a administraçao de grandes quantidades de potássio (300-445 mEq/dia) e a acidose com ingestao de bicarbonato (15g/24h). Nefrocalcinose bilateral estava presente com hipercalciúria (310-603 mg/24 h) e diabetes insípidus nefrogênico (Osmolaridade urinárias= 347 mOsm após DDAVP). Aventa-se um mecanismo autoimune na gênese da ATR-1à semelhança do que ocorre na doença tireodiana associada. (Arq Bras Endocrinol Metab 1994; 38/1:35-38).
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Adolescent , Acidosis, Renal Tubular/complications , Graves Disease/complications , Hyperthyroidism/complications , Thyroid Crisis/complications , Acidosis, Renal Tubular/diagnosis , Acidosis, Renal Tubular/drug therapy , Graves Disease/diagnosis , Graves Disease/drug therapy , Hyperthyroidism/diagnosis , Hyperthyroidism/drug therapy , Potassium/analysis , Potassium/therapeutic use , Propranolol/therapeutic use , Propylthiouracil/therapeutic use , Thyroid Crisis/diagnosis , Thyroid Crisis/drug therapyABSTRACT
La tormenta tiroidea representa el grado extremo de una descompensación de la tirotoxicosis y se presenta generalmente en pacientes hipertiroideos que suspenden el tratamiento. Clínicamente se reconoce que ciertas manifestaciones como la hiperpirexia, alteración del estado mental y evidencia de compromiso multisistémico pueden considerarse signos premonitorios de una tormenta tiroidea. El diagnóstico se establece básicamente sobre criterios clínicos y la desición de iniciar el tratamiento en casos de urgencia no debe de esperar a que los resultados de laboratorio estén disponibles. El manejo terapéutico de la tormenta tiroidea debe estar dirigido a tres aspectos básicos: tratamiento antitiroideo, tratamiento de sostén para prevenir o revertir las posibles alteraciones homeostásicas y el tratamiento de los factores precipitantes.